The Physics of Swinging :: Physics Swinging Essays

The Physics of Swinging My son begs to watch me swing on one of the swing sets at the park. I tell him that there is so much work involved and I dont know if I constitute the energy to do every of themany things it takes to make a swing move. Its such an innocent plea, but complicated in the terms of the actual process of it. The physics of light has so many components. From resonance to force, and from the boundary of the swing to the conversion of energy, the process of swinging is actually a complicated matter.While you watch a soul swing, place your hand at the maximum point of the swings achieved height and then count how many seconds it takes to return back to that same height. You have just measured the period of the swing. The period of the swing is the time it takes the swing to make one full move back and forth. The equation used to light up for the period mathematically is T = 2p (square root of L/g), where L is the length of the pendulum, and g is somberness. T here are a few things that can change the period of a pendulum. As length increases and as the force of gravity increases so will the period. Likewise, when both gravity and length of the chains decrease, the period does also. My reference tell apart Nethercott says that if there are no outside influences, the period stays constant at about 15 degrees of arch, but the amplitude must be low. This argument corresponds with Newtons first law of motion (law of inertia) that says, Every object remains at rest or in motion in a straight line at constant speed unless acted on by an unbalanced force. (Physics, A World View p.31).A force other than gravity and the length of the swing can alter the outcome of a period. While standing with your hand out, measuring the period, give the person on the swing a push.Periodic motion is motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time and resonance is periodic increases of the amplitude of periodic motion due to a forceat a constant interval . So while you push the person on the swing, you are creating a form of resonance for the swing. Mark Nethercott.There is one finale force that changes the period of a swing, and that is squatting and standing, or leaning back and forth.

Archetypal Characters and Symbols in The Phantom of the Opera Essay

Archetypal Characters and Symbols in The phantasma of the Opera The story of The trace of the Opera appeals to many types of personalities and quite a little of all ages because of its archetypal characters and patterns. Carl Jung theorized that we are born with innate tendencies to perceive things a certain way a kind of readiness to reproduce oer and over again the same or similar mythical ideas . . .1. These repeated ideas are archetypes. The basic legend of The Phantom takes place in 19th century Paris, and is that of a young and talented, but untrained singer named Christine. Erik, the Phantom, is a disfigured genius of many fields, including music, architecture, magic, and science. His fatal flaw stems from his strong dislike and mistrust of the rest of the human race, which has been very unkind to him throughout his life. He encounters Christine in the Paris Opera House, becomes infatuated with her, and initially claims to be her otherworldly musical tutor. Conflict occu rs when Christine is torn amidst Eriks dark and passionate world, and her innocent love for the well-bred Raoul. These fundamentals of the story of The Phantom are kept in tact among the versions, while changes are do to target the adaptation to a certain audience. Another common attraction is to the personality of Erik, a character often repeated in literature. Eriks relationship with Christine excessively encompasses many archetypal patterns, and the love triangle among Christine, Erik and Raoul is a recurring human behaviour2. In addition, there are several object-oriented archetypes throughout the story. Repetition of patterns and characters in The Phantom of the Opera creates a universal appeal for the tale. The bas... ...anges to target the legend to different types of people, but the archetypes always remain. 1 Carl Jung, Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, 7 2 Anthony Pena, Unus Mundus Archetypes and Dreams 3 Kate McMullan, The Phantom of the Opera, 5 4 Amazon .com sales rank as of May 2000 5 Charlotte Vale Allen, Night Magic, 203 6 Gaston Leroux, The Phantom of the Opera, 334 7 Charles Horton Cooley, Human Nature and the kind Order, 155 8 Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 9 Joseph Henderson, Ancient Myths and Modern Man, Man and His Symbols, Carl Jung, ed., 152 10 Anthony Pena, Unus Mundus Archetypes and Dreams 11 Angela Mattos, The Labyrinth 12 InDreaMensions, Archetypes Glossary 13 Ibid 14 Ibid 15 John L. Flynn, Phantoms of the Opera The Man Behind the Mask

Bernoulli Principle Essay -- essays research papers

Airflow over an airfoil Flight is one of the well-nigh important achievements of mankind. We owe this achievement to the invention of the airfoil and understanding the physics that allow it to lift enormous weights into the sky.All flight is the result of forces acting upon the move of an airplane that allow it to counteract gravity. Contrary to popular belief, the Bernoulli principle is not responsible for most of the lift generated by an airplanes fly. Rather, the lift is created by air organism deflected off the wings and transferring an upward force to those wings. The most important factor in determining the lift generated by an airplane is the angle of blast. The angle of attack is the degree measure from the horizontal that a wing is elevated or declined. When the angle of attack is between 1 and 20 degrees, the most lift is generated. To identify the lift generated by a particular area of wing in a standard airfoil shape, a teardrop with the fat end set about forward, t he equation L=Cl 1/2 (pV2)S. Cl is the lift coeficent, which is determined by the shape of the airfoil and the angle of attack. P stands for the air piling density, V for the velocity of the air passing over the wing, and S for the area of the wing when viewed from above or below. As the air flows over the wing producing lift, it grabs onto the wings surface and causes comforter. Drag can be measured by the equation D=Cd 1/2 (pV2)S, much like the lift equation. The drag coeficent Cd is found, again, by determining ...

Transformation: Randle McMurphy & Patients Essay -- Essays Papers

Transformation Randle McMurphy & PatientsHe waltzed into the ward and introduced himself to every patient as a gambling man with a zest for women and cards. Randle P. McMurphy, a swaggering, gambling, boisterous redheaded con man, arrived at the ward from the Pendleton Work Farm. He was sentenced to six months at the prison work farm, but pretended to be unhinged in order to obtain a transfer to the hospital because he thought it would be more comfortable than the work farm. Bromden senses that there was something different almost this new patient. After his first experience with the excruciating routine of the Group Meeting, McMurphy tells the patients that Nurse Ratchet is a genuine ball-cutter. The other patients tell him that there is no defying Nurse Ratched because, in their eyes, she is an all-powerful force. True to his nature as a gambling man, McMurphy makes a bet with the other patients that he can make Ratched support her temper.At first, the confrontation between Rat ched and McMurphy provides some humorous entertainment for the other patients. However, McMurphys confrontation soon becomes their confrontation as he draws them into the conflict by encouraging their rebellion. The success of his bet hinges on a failed vote to change the television schedule so they can watch the World Series. The Series was on television during the time allotted for cleaning chores. McMurphy and the other patients staged a protest by sitting in front of the blank television in...

Beto Cuevas :: essays research papers

There are many rock bands in the world. One of them is the Spanish singing band of La Ley (The Law). Luis Alberto Cuevas Olmedo or "Beto" as everybody knows him, is the vocalist and the image of the band. Thanks to Betos hard work, dedication, and education, La Ley has exported their music all over Latin America and the United States.To begin, Alberto Cuevas was born in capital of Chile de Chile, the capital of Chile, September the 12th, 1967. When he was four years old, he moved to live in Venezuela. Then, he went to Canada, and France. When he was twenty years old. he went stand to Chile. Once in Chile, he joined the rock band that his friend Andres Bobe was putting together. From that moment on, he started to work hard for the band. He made his accounting entry in1989 when the bands first CD came out. The CD was called "Desiertos"("Deserts") from which only 500 copies where made. Then, two years later, they recorded a new CD called "Doble Opuesto.&qu ot In 1994, the band suffered a tragedy. the founder of the band Andres Bobe got killed in a car accident. In his memory, Beto wrote five songs about Bobe. In 1996, they signed a record recognize with WEA Latina. They took advantage of this opportunity and recorded a new album, which was called "Invisible." La Ley used the five songs Beto wrote in Bobes name. This album, with songs like "Dia Cero" "El Duelo," and Cielo Market" was a hit in Mexico, Latin America, Spain, and the United Sates.Thanks to Betos hard work, La Ley has got to the point where it is right now. Besides singing, Beto also designs the drawings and designs they use on their CDs. He does this because he studied graphic design in a university in France. That is where he learned to speak perfect French. He also speaks perfect English. He learned to speak English when he was in Canada. While he was living in Canada, before joining the band, he took music classes. He learned to sing, play both the acoustic and electric guitar.

Beto Cuevas :: essays research papers

There are many rock bands in the world. One of them is the Spanish telling band of La Ley (The Law). Luis Alberto Cuevas Olmedo or "Beto" as everybody knows him, is the vocalist and the image of the band. Thanks to Betos hard formulate, dedication, and education, La Ley has exported their music all over Latin the States and the United States.To begin, Alberto Cuevas was born in Santiago de Chile, the capital of Chile, September the 12th, 1967. When he was four years old, he moved to live in Venezuela. Then, he went to Canada, and France. When he was twenty years old. he went back to Chile. Once in Chile, he joined the rock band that his friend Andres Bobe was putting together. From that moment on, he started to work hard for the band. He made his debut in1989 when the bands first CD came out. The CD was called "Desiertos"("Deserts") from which only 500 copies where made. Then, two years later, they enter a new CD called "Doble Opuesto." In 1994, th e band suffered a tragedy. the founder of the band Andres Bobe got killed in a car accident. In his memory, Beto wrote five songs about Bobe. In 1996, they signed a record deal with WEA Latina. They took advantage of this opportunity and recorded a new album, which was called "Invisible." La Ley used the five songs Beto wrote in Bobes name. This album, with songs identical "Dia Cero" "El Duelo," and Cielo Market" was a hit in Mexico, Latin America, Spain, and the United Sates.Thanks to Betos hard work, La Ley has got to the point where it is right now. in any case singing, Beto also designs the drawings and designs they use on their CDs. He does this because he studied graphic design in a university in France. That is where he learned to speak entire French. He also speaks perfect English. He learned to speak English when he was in Canada. While he was living in Canada, before link the band, he took music classes. He learned to sing, play both the aco ustic and electric guitar.

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay

Almost every organization, whether commonplace or private, on paper or in practice, has a culture that fairly dictates its everyday functioning. The term culture has some definitions but in this discussion it is moldd as shargond beliefs, value, symbols, and behaviors. Culture binds a work force together and is its control mechanism, or purpose, to facilitate its functioning. These items are powerful driving forces in the success of an organization and their value to the community they serve whether it is a public or private entity will affect the success of any organization.While cultures are found in some organizations more prominently than in others, there are those organizations where the culture of that specific organizations ideal stands out above others. Police departments, military units and religious organizations all ca-ca a strong, centralized culture that forms its base and permeates its entire existence. Many times people outside of those professions do not underst and the mentality or job commitment a person from one of these career fields shares with his/her co-workers.An example would be the duty and honor commitment of a United State Marine, especially when considered by a person who was anti-military the Marines belief or core value system is not understood. The health check profession and more specifically hospitals, demonstrate a common coating that simply stated, is the care and healing of the sick or injured. For the most part, the medical exam staff employed at a hospital is there for that specific purpose. The medical field brings together a vast array of various(prenominal)s from different backgrounds and cultures.But once they become a doctor, hospital nurse, surgical technician, etc. they take on a new life and thereby absorb a new culture into their lives. Subcultures, as defined by organizational theorists John van Maanen and Stephen Barley, are a subset of an organizations members who interact regularly with one another, identify themselves as a distinct groupand routinely take action on the basis of collective understandings unique to the group (Cheney, 2011, 78-79) The organizational culture in a hospital is based on the premise that the hospital is there to allow a place for the care and healing of the sick or injured.Organizational theorist Mary Jo Hatch puts forth that there are five (5) Degrees of pagan Integration and Differentiation (Cheney, 77) identified as follows Unitary, Diverse (Integrated), Diverse (Differentiated), Diverse (Fragmented) and Disorganized (Multi-cephalous) (Hatch, 1997, 210). A hospital in its purest form would be well represent as a Unitary culture because the staff as a whole all have the same values or beliefs. But individual staff or even medical units whitethorn fall into any of the other cultures identified as well.A particular unit, i. e. cardiac telemetry floor, may be a Diverse (Fragmented) unit due to a group of nurses who do not view their critical task re quirements in the same way and as a result the level of patient infections or deaths rises, causing unrest among the staff, supervisors, patient families and resulting in legal ramifications thereby fragmenting the staffs solidarity. Social psychologist Edgar Schein explicate a theoretical model that shows an organizations culture is built on one-third levels artifacts, values and norms, and assumptions and beliefs.Artifacts are usually the most common and manifest sign of a specific culture. Schein puts forth that things much(prenominal) as nursing uniforms, terminology, surgical protocols and more, actually and accurately represent the basic aspects of organizations culture. The values and norms aspect of his theory, while not always visible, can be seen through behavior of the individual or group it reveals what is important to the group and how they treat from each one other within their organization. Each aspect of the profession may have an operating procedure or environme nt nique to that area of specialization, but still have the same values and norms for their actions.In a surgical room, sterilization of the environment is much more important than it would be in a patients room on a medical/surgical floor, but they still have the same belief in keeping an open wound as clean as possible. While values in the medical profession do not vary as a whole, values do define accepted behavior and action. Genuine assumptions and beliefs are nurtured by a persons or organizations values and norms. Values vary only slightly in the various medical professions and facilities.Depending on the medical specialty area, operational norms and methods may differ according to training priorities, equipment and environment unique to that specialty. For instance, the hospital in-patient wound care team may have the same desire to treat a patients wounds as a home health nursing team, but the methods of treatment or medications used may be different. Differences begin to s urface when a patient is sent home on a negative pressure wound therapy system, i. e. a wound V. A. C. , that aids in the healing of wounds via suction (http//www. kci1. com/KCI1/vactherapy).Many home health nurses does not know how to properly change the intricate dressing or fully understand this equipment or the damaging results that can occur if not changed properly. Faulty assumptions are therefore made based on the beliefs of the home health nurse of what should be done for the patient. When that happens, problems arise in this particular scenario that could result in the patient being brought back to the hospital for a further terminus of hospitalization due to a breakdown of their wounds or even the creation of new wounds as a result of improper V. A. C. placement.The overriding culture of the medical field is based on the Physicians Creed of First, do no harm (author uncertain but it is based on the Hippocratic anathema which states to abstain from doing harm). This beli ef echoes throughout the medical field all over the world. And while there are individual exceptions or exceptions in areas such as animal research for the betterment of mankind or the ethical issue of abortion, the creed has gone unchanged since the time of the ancient Greeks and before. Scheins three (3) levels of artifacts, values and norms, and assumptions and beliefs, are evident in every clinical setting.With further exploration, Hatchs five (5) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation will likewise be found, albeit not everyone will be seen on every hospital floor or unit. Medical facilities are a kaleidoscope or a microcosm of many subcultures under the roof of the main culture of being a place for the care and healing of the sick or injured. Without that organizational culture giving counsellor to all of the subcultures involved in this humanitarian career field, the death rate for minor injuries and diseases would compound exponentially.

Discuss the issues related to the widespread adoption of e-books

Since the modern in coiffeion age arrived, businesses, educational institutions and governments come increasingly used the internet to disseminate information to their targeted groups. In the process, e-books have been increasingly adopted as an important medium for delivering educational information. The widespread betrothal of e-books has however raised a number of issues, ranging from copyright issues to issues of acceptance.In this essay, the author aims to dissertate the various issues that have risen as a result of adoption of e-books. First of all, e-books threaten the traditional book publishing industry (Carey, 2006). E-books are in particular cheap to reproduce and distribute since they do not involve any paper printing, cover printing, warehousing and shipment. All a user has to do is train at a URL and click on the title he or she wants, and the e-book can be downloaded either for free or for a comparatively miniature fee.Publishing companies like Macmillan and Wile y have had a long standing dispute with major e-book distributor Amazon over this issue since the sales of traditional hardbound books have plummeted after the introduction of e-books (Carey, 2006). Secondly, there has been an issue of copyright infringement (Kelly, 2006). The World Wide Web has many websites that have been built primarily for burden sharing. An e-book can be purchased only once and subsequently posted in many sites where users from all over the world can download it free.The author or the publisher of the book therefore does not profit from the efforts put in towards delivering the work (Kelly, 2006). This trend has even been reported with books which have not been released in e-book format a buyer will digitize it maybe by scanning the pages and then publish it to the internet where everyone can have free access to the replete content. No matter how law enforcers try, this has been one tendency which is virtually impossible to stop.Copyright issues aside, the p roliferation of e-books has raised issues surrounding the unavailability of efficient devices for reading or extracting the content (Rothman, 2006). around readers access the content in e-books by using a laptop or a desktop computer, but there have been numerous complains that withal much exposure to the radiation from computer monitors causes eye and brain fatigue. The smaller devices available like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and mobile telephones are too small and a user cannot read the content comfortably from such.In addition to this, all devices used in reading e-books are technology-based, and users have to be conversant with these technologies so as to be able to exploit the benefits of the e-book revolution. Finally, there have been acceptance issues in the adoption of e-books in the contemporary reading culture (Nelson, 2008). Generations of readers have large up reading paper books (printed books) and have gotten so used to this that making the transition to e- books is not a very comfortable venture.Many students have go on to privilege printed paper and only use e-books for referencing purposes. The reading society is not as biased towards modern technologies as everyone would like to assume. According to statistics, many college students and faculties have continued to exhibit preference for paper books (p-books) over e-books for research, textbooks and for leisure reading (Nelson, 2008). All in all, technology is continually becoming popular, and despite the issues related to widespread adoption of e-books, digital libraries are becoming a force to reckon with in the literary scene.

Prescribing Art In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

Most practicians rely on traditional methods ( antidepressants, CBT and reding ) to pull off psychogenic health upsets and merely a minority get down an consciousness, understanding or credence of the usage of subterfuge as a possible treatment. Critics of nontextual matter for mental health highlight the wealthiness of anecdotal and indispensable chiliad let the cat out of the bag wellbeing and self-esteem betterments and the deficiency of quantitative, randomised controlled informations.While the exact mechanism/s of healing or wellness betterment is a topic for argument, surveies have shown quantitative wellness betterments through craft engagement ( shorter infirmary corsets, reduced depression symptoms ) 1,2 These benefits have been recognised and support by some authorities documents, enterprises and reappraisals. In recent old ages, nevertheless, their stated visions and hereafter purposes have produced small(a) direct action and the exact function of art with in the boundaries of sophisticated medical examination specialty is ill defined.Personal aimTo see my ain prepossessions of utilizing art as a direction scheme in mental wellness and to reflect on how my position has changed as a event of a literature reappraisal and active engagement.PreconceptionsTo measure my ain acquisition and development, it seems appropriate to document my preconceived thoughts palaver the engagement of art as a intervention for psychological conditions. Previous experience as an antidepressant representative for a pharmaceutical company taught me that art psychotherapeutics is a utile adjunct to medicines in moderate disease and a utile standalone therapy for mild depression and anxiousness. As a medical scholarly person, I instinctively grouped art-based therapy together with alternative therapy and mentally stereotypic categories to doing clayware and picture flowers. While many another(prenominal) of my co-workers view all alternate therapies as a waste of resources or placebo at best , I have ever kept an unfastened head, believing art likely can assist trusted patients.On contemplation, my premise is based upon my surmisal of causing industrialization and consumerism has created an environment, which for many of us is non contributing to mental well-being. From an evolutionary position we are societal animals, knowing to be physically active, necessitating regular societal battle and submergence within the natural environment. This depicts originalness, security, pleasance and support. Today, our inert and frequently stray concrete environment backup s creativeness for multimedia input. For many, particularly those with any susceptibleness, this being allows psychological jobs to boom.Through take parting in originative activities, I believe that authorized societal, environmental and cognitive demands are met. For some, the societal and synergistic facets of art therapy might let the look of suppressed feeling s, doing this a signifier of indirect guidance. While my theory might be deemed nonsensical to some, or intuitive to others, the inquiry arises should this be funded on the NHS? While art intercessions will offer benefits to some, as a pupil of evidence-based pattern, I need converting. By its really nature, nevertheless, I expect to happen an inordinate sum of literature on instance surveies and descriptions of improve-wellbeing . I am cognizant that GPs have been able to order art for a figure of old ages, doing me optimistic that robust quantitative grounds and cost-effectiveness analysis exists.By carry oning a literature reappraisal and attention categories myself, I hope to go better informed, to acquire a clearer thought of what art intercession can offer. It would besides be good to reason whether in this clip of fiscal load, the grounds supports the usage of art for mental wellness on the NHS.Literature reappraisalThe grounds for utilizing art to handle mental wellness d ay of the months back to the 1940 s. Improved communicating was observed betwixt psychopathology inmates and creative persons, the birth of art psychotherapeutics. Since so the literature contains a wealth of anecdotal benefits back uping humanistic disciplines engagement for mental wellness patients. There is a distinguishable deficiency, nevertheless, of unequivocal decisions or systematic reappraisals. This is highlighted by the first art on prescription strategy ( 1991 ) , where Stockport GPs prescribed art based therapies to their mental wellness patients. Unfortunately quantitative informations collected was limited to a general wellness questionnaire, which merely noted a 5-point betterment in overall wellness over 15-weeks ( n=33 ) .3In 2000, the Health Development Agency ( HDA ) reviewed the grounds of wellness benefits offered through community-based humanistic disciplines undertakings, included mental wellness projects.4 They concluded that although there was sufficient , albeit anecdotal, grounds for betterments in patient well-being and self-pride Evaluation harmonizing to wellness standards is infrequent .It is impossible to give precise inside informations of improved wellness, peculiarly in the visible radiation of the fact that so few undertakings straight provide information on wellness, or societal affairs related to wellness, which are based on formal instruments of measuring .In 2002, the HDA commissioned the Centre for arts and Humanities in Health and Medicine ( CAHHM ) to reexamine and measure community-based humanistic disciplines in wellness . While mental-health was non specifically addressed, the study criticised rating, quantitative evidence,5 sample sizes and highlighted disagreements between healer purposes and medical outlooks, proposing that in future undertakings .all parties clarify their purposes, premises and demands .It was non until 2004, when a study by Rosalia Staricoff mentioning 364 documents was published, th at a specific literature reappraisal described how single(a)(a) modes of art can profit mental illness.6 She concluded that engagement with art improves self look, creativeness, self-esteem, stress degrees and communicating between service users, their households and the suppliers. It was besides fresh for this pillow slip of reappraisal that she offered some medical accounts for the betterments, largely in footings of physiological impact.Sing the unfavorable judgments sing research methodological analysis discussed therefore far, it might be expected to happen a figure of randomized controlled, robust surveies published within the last five old ages. While this reappraisal found many undersize undertakings and mental wellness anecdotes in reappraisal documents, merely one quantitative survey, published in a scientific research diary was identified. In 2007, 30 patients having chemotherapy who were assigned to a H2O painting category, had significantly reduced ( p=0.021 ) depre ssive symptoms compared to those assigned to no activity.7More late ( 2007 ) , the Humanistic disciplines Council produced an extended cover sing art for wellness, which included mental health.8 While it included elaborate information on instance surveies and good pattern, it was light on robust decisions of clinical and curative takes, with one major exclusion. Singing for the encephalon endorsed the important curative benefits singing has upon memory, depression and physical well-being in dementedness sufferers.9In 2008, an 18-month rural undertaking placed creative persons in Cornish GP patterns to work with mental wellness patients ( Figure 1 ) . While the qualitative result steps were positive ( e.g. patient feedback ) , 10 it is interesting to observe how local consumption of this free enterprise ( 8.6 % ) reflects my planetary observations.Figure 1 Users mosaic displayed in Falmouth surgery.A recent survey ( 2010 ) investigated the significance of art to service users. It made the interesting remark that therapy creates distance from the .perceived subjugation of statutory service suppliers , 11 component recovery.While many of the publications discussed are promoting, when the grounds is scrutinised to the same grade as a scientific diary, the field is characterised by good recognised jobs subjective nature, little sample sizes, inconsistent or neglected validated rating methodologies.12Personal ExperienceIn November 2010, arts for Health Cornwall and Isle of Scilly ( AFHC ) commissioned four creative persons to run a 12-month undertaking, Arts response, with purposes to supply meaningful originative activity chances in community scenes targeted at grownups with mental wellness jobs .The group I attended consisted of one enthusiastic creative person and seven members who had attended similar strategies in recent old ages or were straight referred by their GP. In a really informal mode, we were encouraged to draw/etch our studies into froth to make printed cards ( Figure 2 ) . The general criterion was much higher than my personal creative activities below demonstrateFigure 2. My print and cards.This was the 3rd of the group s two-hour Sessionss and what first struck me was how good they had bonded. One lady, for illustration, was absent and they called to look into how she was. Another lady was late she had been sing a group member who was holding a bipolar low , converting her to reach her GP. Finally, after the session they all went for a societal drink. While the benefits of socialization, communicating and originative battle were clear, the proviso of relationships appeared to even supply a potentially robust safety cyberspace.One lady commented on how she had no avocations before go toing a similar group antecedently. From the experience art had grown into an of import portion of her life, she sold her foremost painting last hebdomad, hiking her assurance. Finding added intent and line of achievement from hop elessness has frequently been reported from humanistic disciplines participation.13The creative person commented that the group was diffident and loath to prosecute ab initio. During this session I could see how single assurance grew with each print success and group encouragement, taking to more proficient and luxuriant designs.I needed to reflect upon how I might make my coveted consistent, touchable consequences. One lady commented how leery she was that inside informations would be fed back to her surgery, taking me to reason that merely the creative person is in a place to justice consequences. This, nevertheless, would necessarily conflict with their purpose of making a relaxing, stress-free environment, be intrusive and impact their credibleness. From this I realised why so few undertakings offer inquirers during undertakings, allow entirely elaborate mental wellness evaluation graduated tables.It was evident that this type of category succeeds or fails with the creative per son. The undertakings must be designed to win with limited participant accomplishment, yet contain the flexibleness to stretch creativeness. By their dependance upon artist creativeness, it seems impossible that undertakings can of all time be standardised.Concluding Contemplation and hereafterSo what have I learned from this experience? While my literature reappraisal highlighted promising grounds ( e.g. singing in dementedness ) , 9 it failed to supply the grounds necessary to convert me that art has a mainstream function in the intervention of mental wellness. Under certain fortunes, nevertheless, exposure to art is contributing to wellness and healing and hence decidedly has a healthcare function.How to measure art strategies to a degree perceived as convincing to mainstream medical specialty is an country of much argument. From my experience, nevertheless, I believe we can neer standardize, randomize or placebo control this type of health care. As a effect I can non forsee a c lip where we can robustly reply the inquiry, does art intercession work? My experience, nevertheless, allowed me to see the possible benefits, which as a GP I would enthusiastically back and use any local undertakings.Engagement in the procedure has changed many of my preconceived positions. There will ever be a group of persons who modern medical specialty fails to assist and I think mental wellness is one country which is typified by this thought. The art intercession I witnessed impressed upon me that complementary attacks to wellness can assist in domains frequently ill stand for by traditional medical theoretical accounts of health care ( assurance, self-esteem, communicating ) . Rather than beliing the medical theoretical account, such attacks compliment the thought of handling the emotional and religious demands of the individual holistically.The literature reappraisal and personal contemplation besides highlighted the deficiency of apprehension of what art and wellness in volves, particularly by clinicians who are frequently determination shapers and fund holders. In this epoch of ascesis undertakings will be expected to deliver . With the benefit of experience I now judge an one-year strategy cost-efficient at & A lb 5,000 ( less than & A lb 60/hour ) , 14 nevertheless, I am concerned that many art-based undertakings will happen it impossible to make the feel holy grail of supplying justifiable consequences and their support watercourses could easy be squeezed without an grasp of their benefit and an apprehension of the results This hazards marginalizing vulnerable groups who are frequently ill represented by traditional medical specialty.

Humanism and the Meaning of Life Essay

In his piece What is humanitarianism, Fred Edwords explains sympatheticism as a type of philosophy that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world, and often rejects the importance of belief in God. He describes the different categories of humanism that are common and the beliefs they hold. In Richard Taylors The center of Life, thoughts are given on where substance comes from in behavior if a meaning is even present. He explores the story of Sisyphus to illustrate how a animateness could be meaningless and then explores the idea that everyday action today is ultimately meaningless as well.The degree to which the article by Taylor fits the description of Humanism in the Edwords piece is to a pretty good degree. Many of the ideas ab come on humanism that Edwords poses in his piece reflect in the way Taylor explored the meaning of life in his article. Edwords describes humanism with a list of points, the first being that a Humanist isnt pa nicky to ch bothenge and explore any area of thought. Generally, the meaning of life is a topic that has the tendency to frighten many people away due to the nature of inquiry required to even scratch the emerge of any answer to the question.Therefore, Taylor fits that aspect of humanism since his goal in his work was to explain his ideas on the matter in a well thought out manner. Edwords second point is that humanism focuses on human means for comprehending reality with no claim to have any type of transcendent knowledge, and another virtuoso of his points is that humanism is a philosophy of imagination. These points are evident in Taylors article as he tries to make sense of life using clear-sighted imagination to approach each side of the topic.Another one of Edwords points is that humanism is more concerned with the here and now rather than life after death. Taylors main focus was touching on meaningless in life and finding contentment in whatever one finds themselves doing i n life. There wasnt much to say about life after death, so this point stands true in Taylors article. Edwords summary point in his list was that humanism is a philosophy for those in heat with life. The way he described this point is very relatable to Taylors article in that Taylor didnt want to bury with prefabricated answers, but instead dove into the open-endedness that comes with trying to reveal the meaning of life.Taylor fits into the category of fresh Humanism as described by Edwords. Edwords explained that this section of Humanism rejects all supernaturalism and relies primarily upon reason and science, democracy and human compassion. The points about humanism described in the first paragraph above were labelled as what the Modern Humanist philosophy is about in Edwords writing. So throughout Taylors article, he showed a good deal of the qualities Edwords described for a modern humanist. Taylors positon on the question of the meaning of life does seem like a Humanist-typ e position.Taylor explored a broad topic that could have an unlimited spectrum of different answers and wasnt afraid to dive into the controversial issues associated with it. He was in pursuit of finding new knowledge and sharing it with his readers. He was also very realistic and looked at things from a logical standpoint. Taylor explains that our lives could have meaning if we have a keen and unappeasable desire to be doing just what we find ourselves doing (this is what he says of Sisyphus, which could also be utilise to us). Our life wouldnt be changed, but it would still have a meaning.He says it is irrational because the desire itself would be only the product of substance in our veins, and not any that reason could discover, but a meaning nevertheless. Taylor also looked into the difference between us and other living beings like insects in radical Zealand caves, for instance. He explained that we are conscious of our activity. Our goals are things of which we are at least partly aware and can therefore in some sense appraise. work force have a history as other animals do not, such that each generation does not precisely resemble all those before.The meaning of life comes from the things to which we bend our backs day after day once we realize one by one our ephemeral plans are precisely the things in which our go aways are deeply involved and precisely the things in which our interests lay. The day is sufficient to itself, and so is the life. A human being no sooner draws its first breath than he responds to the will that is in him to live. He no more asks whether it will be worthwhile or whether anything of significance will come of it. The point of his living is simply to be living, in the manner that it is his nature to be living.Edwords looks at writings from other humanists that explain, for example, that humanism teaches that it is immoral to wait for God to act for us. Humanists believe that the responsibility lies inside a person to determi ne what kind of world they will live in. One must take it upon themselves to act upon what they deem correct and desirable. Edwords essentially tell that life could have a type of meaning, and basically pointed towards the meaning of life being whatever you make of it. The meaning comes from your own actions and intents.You have the right to direct whatever path you see fit and act freely, to open new doors and accomplish great things. Edwords description is similar to what Taylor said about the meaning of life. Taylor explained that if you love what you are doing, you will feel like you were made to do that, therefore creating meaning in your life. Edwords explains it in a similar way that meaning in your life comes from your heart basically. Whatever you are passionate about becomes what your life is about, and that is essentially the meaning you will find in your life.

Dating and the Single Parent Essay

SummaryIn the defend Dating and the Single Parent Ron bed walks the single leaven through the process of dating again. This book is broken into three sections. Section one has five chapters and is titled Getting Past the Butterflies and Warm Fuzzes. In the beginning acquit starts with Dating in a Crowd Dating with Purpose. (29) With this in mind the reader begins to understand you bequeath be dating the entire family. debate describes diametric types of daters, and warns the reader against the Consumer daters who want guarantees (44) virtually the dates. These consumer daters want the dates to be their all in all and meet their every need. grass also describes the thought of Mirror, Mirror on the Wall Am I Ready to Date? (47) This section describes the impact difference has on you, and your exitingness to surrender to Gods direction regarding divorce and remarriage. (58) firearm determining if you are ready to date Deal lists the readiness factors can you handle being al one, believeing in God, sounding at past issues, and petition the questions like, What in my past can I not shake? This is getting yourself and kids ready for dating.While thinking of fear as the main hurdle in beginning to date, Deal suggests you not sidestep (83) your fear but acknowledge it. (83) Not only your fear but how to handle the kids fears and concerns in the dating world. Deal explains When a parent dates, kids feel the shift in direction away from them and the family this ignites their fear of more loss. (98) The second section of the book is called press release Fishing (115) and duologue just round finding love. Finding love in all the right places and in all the wrong ways (117) talks about defining the kin or the DTR there are three ways to look at relationships we need to learn when to yield, stop or run with yellow, red and green lights. Going deeper (163) reminds us to think of where we are in life.Deal states Single people need that perspective so that wo nt overvalue getting marital, and unite people need that perspective so they wont lose sight of their purpose in being together. (165) Marital Commitment and Stepfamily Preparation (181) is the subject field of the third section of the book. It is about getting re-engaged and making decisions about getting married. Guidelines are kick the bucketn about what things to look for such as commitment and trust issues, how to be open with the children (young and adult).Some key steps in how to become a blended family are listed. Deal suggests exercises on how to be introduced, recognize loss in your child, planning the wedding and including the children, and reading the ex. This book takes you through the processes of wanting to date again, dating, and choosing the right type of individual to date. The next steps are about the engagement, telling families and children youre getting married and creating a happily blended family.Po 10tial Use for Christian equalsThe chapter on Yellow L ight. Red Light. Green Light. (141) is a chapter that most pastors need to share with their clients in the premarital counseling. This chapter and the concepts to be taught and learned can save couples from a lot of pain down the road and give additional skills for making a marriage more compatible. Yellow lights saying slow down (143) warm that things are great for now, however when you get married and the honeymoon is over rough times are coming. When you are submiting to carefully blend families you need to make sure no one has on rose-colored glasses (145) or is ignoring the bumps in the road that will turn in to mountains later on if not dealt with before the couple gets married. A direction needs to advise a couple to slow down if loneliness or desperation (146) are detected in the counseling sessions. This could indicate an cardinal problem that will come out later in the marriage.The person with one of these disorders may de macrocosmd that the other person in the relatio nship try to be their all in all, and no one can be everything to someone. Counselors should consider a postponement of a marriage if one of the clients comes in with whatever character traits like quick temper, intimidating, angerreactions, chemical or physical abuse, cant say no, constantly blaming others, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, problems staying calm, financial problems, disengagement with family, hiding introductory relationships, or diagnosed personality disorder. (147-148) If a person has experienced or is experiencing one of these challenges, this counsel will strongly suggest that it is dealt with before the marriage takes place. One of these problems will cause too much stress for most marriages to overcome. Deal suggests there are red stoplights. If you have extreme differences in parenting styles (151) you need to stop dating. This counselling would agree.Raising children is a very hard job when you agree however, when you disagree children tend to play one parent of f the other causing divergence between the parents. You need to remember you are not only marrying the person, but also the children. Another red light could be the ex-spouse. If he/she causes constant trouble, you will be in constant turmoil in the new marriage and will need to consider canceling your plans to marry. Deal suggests other red flags such as cohabitation. This counselor would agree with Deal that cohabitation leans toward persons who have negative attitudes toward marriage, increase their divorce risk by 50%, are less sexually trustworthy, have take down religious commitment, and are tempted to slide into marriage. (154) Cohabitation is not biblical, in Genesis 224 gives us the standard for all marriages and in Matthew 195 messiah tells us marriage is a legal and binding relationship.The green light (159) means everything is good and you can proceed with the dating or marriage plans. In the green light stage you can define your relationship. At this point Deal sugg ests you can share your relationship with your children. This also is the stage during which it is suggested you take the Couple Checkup (169). There are two advantages to doing it in this stage first it provides you and your partner an objective X ray of your relationship health. (169) Second learning about your weaknesses cooperates you as a couple target specific ways to improve. (169) This counselor will encourage couples in the red light zone to take a break and consider not dating any longer. If they are in the yellow light zone this counselor will encourage them to consider looking deeply at what the problems are and working through them before proceeding with the relationship.In the green light zone this counselor will encourage them to be willing to talk about issues when they arise, to be willing totalk about them, and to work on a compromise. Deal states Confidence calms the heart and reduces anxiety. (194) This counselor could not agree more, and knowing where you stand in a relationship is the most important element. Solidifying the relationship so both persons know how from from each one one other feels and what to expect keeps the green light going. Telling the children if you have children will be important. A plan needs to be made about how to tell them and expect the unexpected. One needs to expect them to be happy and for them to be angry about the decision. Letting the children know what will happen will help them through the fear and anger.Deal does not go into depth about what to do if the families do not want this marriage. What if the families do not like the person you want to marry? This counselor agrees the spouse that was married to the ex ought to tell him/her before the wedding day. Once the wedding day has taken place lots times the children are going to be stressed out by this and misbehave. Deal suggests often times when things settle down from the wedding the child parent relationship will work itself out. This is a relati onship neither party has had to handle before and it will be new challenges to both the parent and the child. Deal encourages parents to have a united front with the children. (206) If they do not have a unified team everything will begin to crumble. (207)CritiqueDeal speaks about commitment and trust (187) issues with couples. He explains that marriage is complicated and requires a couple to not be selfish. God in his infinite wisdom ask each person to make a covenant that binds them together throughout life, (187) or until death do us part. (187) Elwell states in the time of Christ a man could divorce his wife for the most trivial of reasons (347) from the Hillelite Pharisees. (347) This would suggest that if you take the side of the Hillelite Pharisees, our no fault divorce laws have been around for centuries. It is a delicate dancing to get someone to commit to marriage to you when you are ready to commit to marriage and they will not.Deal gives several ideas Patiently continue dating, wrestle with your impatience, mention any specific concerns, give time for the hesitant person to find resolution, and at some point, the higher desire person will grow wear down of waiting. (188) Deal does later in the book suggest a time line of five historic period is a reasonable time to wait onsomeone. If you have waited for five years and they still have not made a decision but you love them and cannot imagine life without that person do you walk away? Would it not be like a divorce? This counselor would not suggest anyone stay with someone for more than the five years unless they can make a decision to marry or not to marry.Deal speaks about crockpots and blenders in the chapter about Preparing for a Good Blend. The crockpots are those couples who hold out slowly with low heat, (208) while the blender couples are those who move quickly with high velocity. (208) Deal states It is far wiser to adopt the crockpot cooking style. (208) Otherwise slow and resume is a much better way to blend a family than trying to quickly trying to force them to be a blended family. In this chapter he gives ideas about how to create stepfamilies. He says Younger children under the age of five may require far less time to soften toward stepparents than those between the ages of ten and fifteen years. Also, on occasion, a stubborn ingredient may resist softening and retain a sour taste. In either case, keep cooking. This counselor would whole heartedly agree with his wisdom. The younger children are when stepparents arrive into their life, the easier it is to accept them.Deal also gives ideas about how to handle situations like getting married, calling a stepfather Daddy, cartel holidays and other special-day traditions, and taking pictures as a family. (209-210) With statistics saying that fifty percent of first marriages fail and sixty percent of second marriages fail (smartmarriages.com) this counselor believes Deal has made great recommendations in his book about how to blend families. Blended families will take work and Deal says that many times in this book. This book is an easy read with thought provoking topics. Some of the topics have a different way of looking at them than traditional thoughts. This book is a mustiness read if you are thinking of remarrying or marrying someone who has been married before.ReferencesDeal, R. (2012). Dating and the single parent. Bloomington, MN Bethany House Publishing. Eller, W. (2001). Evangelical dictionary of theology. 2n ed. Grand Rapids, MI baker Book House. Marano, H. E., Divorced? Dont even think of remarrying until you read this. www.smartmarriages.com. Accessed November 8, 2014.

Individual Privacy vs National Security Essay

IntroductionSince the alarmist attack of 9/11, America has been in a high level conflict with terrorist around the world, classicularly the class known as Al Qaeda. thither has been m separately discussions within the U.S. sexual congress about the measures of how to effectively combat this organization and their members, here and abroad. Consequently, the issue of man-to-man privacy vs. subject area protective c overing has generated discussions within the civilian and government sectors. To date, the discussions continues with many private citizens who feels they argon constantly losing their privacy , when testament it end, and how long testament it continue. In this report, it will discuss where privacy issues began and where the general see individual privacy vs. national security measures measures come together in its most recent society.Do the prevalent succumb to total governmental control, or do they propose continued debate in the nations process of the natio nal security process. There are always two sides of a story, the pros and cons, the laurels and pitf each(prenominal)s, or the good and the bad, and for the popular, it has to decide which side in each of these is the ripe(p) side it feels is the best manageable side to be on. One hand, national security is decided by the government to protect its citizens, by the measures it puts into place it feels is necessary, and what duration these measures will be in effect. On the other hand, the level of security and base hit is set without discrimination to all.This results in the dilemma of the battle between individual privacy versus national security issues, that are essential to the individual, the public, and government. The Claim What privacy should an individual lose to protect against terrorist because It gives society a level of feeling protected by the protections in place. The public merchant ship only maintain a limit of safety by giving up a degree of privacy to governmen tal agencies in fellowship to protect this basic need and it is a trade mop up to give up a veritable amount of privacy, merely not complete privacy. acknowledgment of ClaimThe on the noseification of the claim is that it is prudent and the right of the public to debate the process of privacy, which the public has come to rely on for many historic period. Even though limited under the constitution, privacy rights and national security is of the essence(p) to the countrys citizens on all levels of government. The Bill of Rights is the area where citizens rights are specified, and over the years of war, and specifically afterwards 9/11, citizens produce seen and felt an erosion of their rights. Constitutional protections of individual rights not expressed specifically by the Bill of Rights is world at best controversial, (Linder 2012a). Many originalists, including most famously Judge Robert Bork in his ill-fated Supreme Court confirmation hearings, carry argued that no su ch general right of privacy exists.The Supreme Court, however, beginning as early as 1923 and continuing by dint of its recent decisions, has broadly read the liberty stop up of the Fourteenth Amendment to guarantee a fairly broad right of privacy that has come to encompass decisions about child rearing, procreation, marriage, and termination of health check treatment. Polls show most Americans lose this broader reading of the Constitution, (Linder 2012b). Looking forward under this decision, each citizen relies on its government to maintain a fair level of protection and security as surfacespring as maintaining a balanced level of privacy. The justification for this claim shows how the rights of individuals is a must, within the American society, compared to the national security of the countrys territory and a balanced approach it must give to its people within preceding(prenominal) rulings.Individual Privacy vs. National Security afterward 9/11 a set of police forces was set in place to protect us from act of terrorism and terrorist attacks and placed under a recent governmental act called the Patriot Act. With the yesteryear occurrences of 9/11, with the airlines planes crashing into the twin towers in New York City, and the Pentagon, it was not hard to convince the public this action was not needed. The residing administration presented stacks of follow-up attacks to Congress from experts and officials on a daily basis with grim pictures or scenarios of possible attacks on nuclear facilities, schools, shopping centers, andothers alike, that the public saw measures in place as pleasant and adequate, (Downing 2008a). Downing further states Americans have seen their privacy and other rights curtailed in previous wars exclusively the present-day privations are unfounded only in the duration of these rights. scantily how long will the duration of war on terrorism and rights last, it has already lasted longer than any other US wars. gain sources o f concern to the public, are the generous array of devices and techniques of the government, such as improved computer programs, databases, and watch gear, never forwards used in previous wars and never devoted as resources to any state or its partners. What if any remedies are there in the political frame in the privacy of individuals versus national security protections and concerns? The courts have narrowed forward some of the concerns, but the bulk of these powers, many of them are still persisting. Congress has been hesitant to amend passing the Patriot Act and its follow-ups, due to fear of being labeled unpatriotic, but also for fear of being blamed for further terror attacks. So far, no president or presidential candidate will probably seek to control the purview of the Committee on the public safety, nor hardly mention future changes. Privacy, like its colleague individualism, has been in decline besides putting up only token resistance here and there against mass s ociety, a corporate-based economy, and relentless bureaucratization.So perhaps the war on terror requires us to bid a fond adieu to privacy and send it off to government bureaus for safekeeping. They broke it, its theirs (Downing, 2008b) According to laws enacted by the government after recent terrorist activities, it has the right to eavesdrop on telephone communications, monitor online communications of suspects, and incorporate surveillance on anyone it feels is a threat. With recent attacks upon American soil and the sledding of thousands of lives, law enforcement agencies have asked for broader and pervasive laws to counter security challenges. Some have asked if these changes will impact the privacy of its citizens, and indeed over the years, history has shown the rights and liberties of citizens have been curtailed and in some instances revoked completely. One example, during World War II 120,000 Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps.Nowhere in the U.S. Consti tution is there a harmonization-of-laws guarantee, by interpretation (An adjustment of differences and inconsistencies among the difference ofmeasurements, methods, procedures, schedules, specifications, or systems to make them uniformed to or mutually compatible with). In 1803 Chief John Marshall said in his opinion Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of what the law is. 2003 Tracy Mitrano Marshall also stated, that settling the duties of inconsistencies, disharmonizations, and contradictions falls to the duties of the Court, which in its practices, means that many such problems whitethorn go unaddressed for years and some of the controversies may never be resolved. Complications and constitutionally are thought of as checks and balances, and the cost of checks and balances systems are weighed in confusion and alarm clock and capricious that have the appearance of resolving conflicts once and for all. Before we go deeper into the analysis of the legislatio n, lets examine the following terms of privacy and security.The American Heritage Dictionary defines privacy as secluded from sight, presence or aggressions of others, confined to one person. There are those who have pointed out that nowhere in the constitution the word privacy appears. The word security comes from the Latin word Securus, meaning carefree. Definitions of security begin with freedom from danger, risk, harm, etc. No matter what measures are taken to assert security, no one should study the outcome would mean complete freedom. Notice how the definition of the word security, implies that its function is as the means to quality, freedom, no less and not as an end to itself, as balance is the key. The American history provides us a variety of examples of how that balance has shifted over time. The Alien and lawlessness Acts of the 1790s were the first example of a federal official law believed to have thrown off the balance in favor of security over civil liberties, k nowing to silence and weaken the Democratic-Republican Party by the Federal Party. To protect the wise United States from an antagonistic French Revolutionary government as legal devices over the Naturalization Act, that really backfired, ensuring the Revolution of the 1800s to expire.This episode stands as a lesson of federal legislative overreach-political impulses of legislation touted as patriotic and necessary for national security, and the turn of the Federal Party. The internment of the Japanese, remains the opposite of Roosevelts emergency measures, which were the most shameful of all mistaken emergency legislative measures. As in each case of emergency legislation that protects national security, it alsocurbs civil liberties and must be interpreted in context of a very complex history. Acts and organizations such as FERPA, HIPAA, and FSMA shares the purpose of preserving the privacy of records in keeping with the foundational tenents of fair-information practices. These fair-information practices are as such are transparency, relevancy, the ability to correct records, institutional obligations to maintain records of disclosures and provide happen to subjects, and finally, the security of those records.Dealing with paper records years ago, under FERPA regulations, colleges and universities now are struggling with the task of bringing electronic security up to the same level of confidentiality and availability. Due to the creation of IT security programs-which include policies, procedures, guidelines, risk estimation, and education/training-corresponds to new legal tuitions such as FMSA and HIPAA, which raises the specter of liability, legal requirements should also come as an encouragement for IT professionals. Intrusion-detection and -response plans require leadership, articulated practices, enforcement polices, and education within the campus communities, all of which relevant hardware and software as well as highly trained military group to a ddress these matters adequately and professionally.Sharing-of-information legislation, under national security, such as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (the USA- Patriot Act) and the mother country Security Act pulls in a direction contrary to privacy legislation. It is the longest piece of legislation of emergency legislation, well over a hundred pages, passed in the shortest time period, in all American history. It comes with three overall goals (1) to enhance government to government information manduction (by lifting regulations that had monitored law enforcement relations between federal, state and local authorities, (2) to allow government surveillance and encourage private entities to share information with the government (by alleviating legal liability) and (3) take in and expand existing criminal law design to fight terrorism (by adding specific provisions and expanding the definition a nd powers of existing legislation. So vast is the reorganization of the federal government under this act , the implications have yet to be spelled out.But there are two are already along with, the Student and trade Visitor Information System (SEVIS) program, which requires every college anduniversity to report, abuses and fraud crimes, specifically allowing the death penalty for any abuse, (i.e. hacking) that results in serious physical injury or death. The second gear is the goal of the USA-Patriot Act-government surveillance and these two aspects of the Homeland Security Act have the most direct impact on scholarship and research, libraries, and IT resources in higher education. (Tracy Mitrano, 2003) Further in notations of privacy and national security, (Bajaj and Austen 28 Sep 2010) report, the United States and law enforcement and security agencies have raised concerns with new proposals electronic powers to track terrorist and criminals and unscramble their encrypted messag es finished e-mail and other digital communications. Officials from India have also stated they will seek greater access to encrypted data sent over popular meshing sources such as Gmail, Skype and other sources such as private networks that allow users to bypass traditional phone line links or logging in to remote corporate computer systems.Some have said that Indias campaign to monitor data transmissions within their b founds may hurt other heavy national security goals by attracting other global businesses and becoming a hub for technology innovations. In another report by, (Kandra, Anne Brandt, Andrew Aquino, Grace Jan 2002) Federal legislation passed in October gave investigators to a greater extent tools for apprehending terrorists. Proponents of the law said it was needed to protect ourselves. Opponents said it will threaten our constitutional rights. But whatever position you take on these issues, it is important to know how the new laws will affect everyones lives online . They continue to report, the Patriot Act is complex and powerful, and it also broadens the definition of terrorism and increases the penalties for the crime of terrorism. Some of the much drastic changes in the law involve electronic surveillance. The act allows federal investigators to implement more(prenominal) powerful tools to monitor phone calls, email messages, and even weathervane surfing. What are the implications of this new type of surveillance for your Internet privacy? It is difficult to say exactly.The Patriot Act is bleak on many key points, and understandably, law enforcement officials are not eager to show particular propositions about tools like the controversial Internet surveillance system, DCS1000 (and more commonly recognized by its previous name, Carnivore). One of the biggest issues with Carnivore is that we dont really know how it works, says Ari Schwartz, associate director of theCenter for Democracy in Technology, a nonprofit group based in Washingto n, D.C., that focuses on preserving privacy and civil liberties on the Internet. What are the implications of this new type of surveillance for your Internet privacy? It is difficult to say exactly. The Patriot Act is vague on many key points, and understandably, law enforcement officials are not eager to show details about tools like the controversial Internet surveillance system, DCS1000 (and more commonly recognized by its previous name, Carnivore).One of the biggest issues with Carnivore is that we dont really know how it works, says Ari Schwartz, associate director of the Center for Democracy in Technology, a nonprofit group based in Washington, D.C., that focuses on preserving privacy and civil liberties on the Internet. It is probably a fair assessment to say that joking when direct an e-mail about planting a bomb is not very good idea these days, and researching biological terror techniques over the Internet is not conceivably a good idea which would also draw suspicion. (K andra et al., Jan 2002) Under the Patriot Act Amendments, the FERPA Act has a health and safety exception. It is well known to students and administrators, who raise it to look at a students record in the case where a student is missing and police hopes to find clues to the students disappearance from their e-mail. The Patriot Act added a new terrorism exception design to protect the health and safety of everyone else. It is worth noting the broad definition of internal terrorism, meaning activities that involve dangerous acts of human life, that are in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, that appear to be intended to confine or coerce a civilian population or individuals, influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion , or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping and occur primarily within the United States.Within the principal of the Homeland Security act, its job is to reorganize a sign ificant amount of the federal law enforcement and immigration and naturalization bureaucracy under the roof of one profound agency, which grew out of concern that compartmentalization federal intelligence and law enforcement structures did not permit adequate study and intelligence and warning. The Homeland Security Act has already had a noticeable impact on immigration. The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) a needed government issued program that tracksthe whereabouts of visiting unlike students attending colleges and universities. The concept is nothing new, as there were widespread disuse of bureaucratic disorganization from within the INS. The Patriot Act echoed the existing INS laws to require mandatory reporting and enforcement, and the Homeland Security Act passed on the baton.Civil privacy legislation that includes security legislation such as FERPA, HIPAA, and FSMA should be the rule. National security information sharing and anti-terrorist legislat ion, such as the USA-PATRIOT Act and the Homeland Security Actshould be the exception. With the USA-PATRIOT Act divergence from traditional constitutional standards, there have been many people who are concerned that the exceptions may soon swallow the rule. Tensions between these two types of legislations speaks to the more general concern of the American society at large, about a reduction of privacy overall, whether caused by changes in the law, in social norms, or in the very nature of information technologies. Even at present with new technology its task has grown and evolved in recent years, and over the past three decades, the challenges have grown to protect individual and personal privacy, and to curb privacy violations. In general, several surveys and polls that were taken seem to suggest that the public feels there has been a loss of privacy and intrusions and the backdrop behind these new proposals could potentially impact privacy and civil liberties on a greater scale. Analysis from an ethics point of view, there are major concerns under national debate on tensions between privacy and security. Below are the following measures of security being proposed and public, personal and privacy issues under consideration. 1. Stricter security measures at airports, ports, points of use up in the U.S., and gathering places such as stadiums, and other large mass venue, (A) Extensive checks of baggage, personal searches and vehicles, (B) Intensive custom and immigration checks, (C) Restrictions within airport areas and certain public places, (D) Additional spot searches and personal property checks in key public areas, (E) increase surveillance and monitoring of movements in key public areas.2. Detailed, dead-on(prenominal) identification and verification of identities and background,. (A) Mandatory issuance of national identity cards for all people, (B) Increase use of facial profiling systems for assessment of potential suspects. 3. Increased surveillance of all communities. (A) Monitoring via Internet(Carnivorewireless, wire-lines, satellite, etc., (B) Broader wiretapping powers, (C) Broader (and possible indefinite) detention, arrest, and asset seizure powers, (D) Authority for blanket searches, secret searches, (E) Website activity monitoring and data collection, (F) Access to personal and business records of all kinds. 4. Tighter immigration laws to screen immigrants/visitors more thoroughly, (A) More thorough screening of credentials and backgrounds of visa applicants, (B) Tracking of movements of immigrants and other visiting foreign nationals through databases. (Krishnamurthy, 2001a) CRITERIA FOR ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING (See additional charts posted below by Krishnamurthy).POSSIBLE ACTIONSThe proposed increases in security measures may be beneficial for the good of everyone if implemented in an impartial manner regardless to race, ethnicity, religion. Accountability and transparency in law enforcement procedures, especially o n privacy issues must continue to be preserved, despite recent attacks. The juridic system must be empowered to deal effectively with all abuses of proposed security measures with regards to protecting the constitutional rights and liberties of all its citizens. It must also ensure anyone accuse has adequate legal representation and a fair chance to prove their innocence. Ensure that the current atmosphere of rich ethnic and cultural diversity purlieu of the country with one another is not compromised.1. Assess that this is a real and tangible problem we are facing.2. If so, can it be handled without impacting/violating privacy at all.3. If not, can it be handled by making it as less intrusive as possible. There are possibilities that additional lengthy investments for public infrastructure needed to be do nationwide to expand capability of existing systems or newly incorporated systems to handle the challenges. 5. VIRTUES APPROACH GOALSA focus on individual development of virtues A thoughtful reflection on self-realization of human potential The developing virtuous habits and attitudes leading to ethical action throughout the communities.POSSIBLE ACTIONSAn assessment of whether the proposed measures will reinforce positive virtues we hold important, such as our patriotism, self-sacrifice, leniency, patience and courage, or whether these options could harbor destructive traits leading to religious intolerance, less compassion, racism, fear, and suspicion. To impress upon more awareness through debates and discussions across the nation to distinguish religion from universal human values of peaceful co-existence, mutual respect, and non-violence, andhuman dignity. To focus on cultivating tolerance, compassion and patience (Krishnamurthy, 2001c).The following abstract articles shows and or explains further privacy and security issues since the terrorism of 9/11/2001 put in place as part of measures private citizens may need to become prone to in their part of loss of privacy rights in their security of national security. Security and Privacy After September 11 The Health Care Example pinchThe following article examines the collaboration between privacy and security in relations to the medical rule, issued in 2000 under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Studies shows that the HIPAA stands up well to concerns of post 9/11 era. Affairs about public safety are met by current provisions that permit revelations to protect national security, to react to emergency situations, and to respond to law enforcement investigations. The article examines in particular detail the envisioned Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, sketched in the wake of the 2001 anthrax attacks.It has been argued by Professors Lawrence Gostin and James Hodge that this Act is justified by a new sit of information sharing for medical information purposes. This article concludes that public health concerns are suitably addressed by the exist ing HIPAA rule, and that a model of information sharing sends completely the wrong signal about how the health system will handle issues of data privacy and security. More generally, the article investigates positions of security vs. privacy, where both values are antagonistic, and situations of security and privacy, where both values work together. (Swire and Steinfeld January 22, 2003) Civil Liberties vs. Security Public Opinion in the background of the Terrorist Attacks on America AbstractThis abstract article discusses, in the tradition of research on political tolerance and classless rights in context, this analysis uses a national survey of Americans directed shortly after the September 11, 2001 attack on America to study peoples eagerness to trade off civil liberties for grander personal safety and security. We find that the bigger peoples perception of threat, the cast down their endorsement for civil liberties. Thiseffect interrelates, however, with trust in government. The lower peoples trust in government, the less willing they will agree for a trade off of civil liberties for security, regardless of their perceptions of threat. It is known that African Americans are much less likely or willing to trade civil liberties for security than their counterparts of whites or Latinos, even with other circumstances taken into account.This may be their long-standing commitment of their struggles for human and civil rights. In matters of party issues, liberals may be less likely to trade off civil liberties than moderates or conservatives, but liberals tend to converge toward the position taken by conservatives when their sense of the threat of terrorism becomes high. While this is not a projection of the future, the results suggest that Americans commitment to democratic values is greatly dependent on other concerns and that the context of a wide-ranging threat to national or personal security can waken a considerable readiness to give up rights. (Davis & Silver, 2003) Mobile cameras as new technologies of surveillance? How citizens experience the use of mobile cameras in public nightscapesAbstractIn surveillance studies utilise mobile camera technologies in public nightscapes, terms such as sousveillance and inverse surveillance define forms of surveillance that have a bottom-up and democratic character. On the other hand, in this paper this democratic notion is queried by looking into procedures and occurrences with both Closed Circuit telly (CCTV) and mobile cameras by Dutch citizens. By superseding in the nightlife district of the Rotterdami city centre, data has been collected on both mobile and CCTV camera confrontations.From this, an investigation is made into how mobile cameras are practiced in the Nightlife landscape. Comparing these practices with CCTV provides understanding into new surveillance issues that come into view due to the mobile camera. Analyzing surveillance technologies, provides prospective as hybrid group s, that may take different shapes in different places, and allows for involvements that attempts to improve our perception of current changes in the surveillance technology landscape. (Timan & Oudshoorn, 2012)The Spy in the taxicab The Use and Abuse of Taxicab Cameras in San Francisco AbstractSince 2003 security cameras were required in San Francisco taxicabs. Their story has come to contain many features that are familiar to surveillance examinations. Their acceptability is explored of the trajectory using the concept of surveillance slack, and the stages and tensions where the line of use and abuse is has been drawn. The effectiveness of what the cameras are perceived to be doing, the integration of its use, and how the slackness or tautness of surveillance interacts in tension and conflicts. Since its first introduction, the new technology initial reaction was met with moral panic. This is just another element of privacy intrusion in the name of national security, the public now must adapt to. (Anderson, 2012)These abstracts are the several indications of elements put into place after the 9/11 Terrorist attacks in 2001. Privacy rights have eroded over the years since, by the US Government claims to protect its citizens. From cameras, in inconspicuous places, wire-tapping, and monitoring e-mail, and social sites, these are just a few of the acts we are controlled under. Needless to say, we may never see these laws or acts diminish anytime soon, so it is better to adjust now, and band together before further intrusions are brought upon society.My assessment of the information taken from this report is that the privacy rights we hold as individuals within the country are vague, although most Americans seem to think their rights are guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution . Although under the fourteenth Amendment a certain amount of rights has been guaranteed, even these rights can be limited by the powers of the U.S. Government, especially during a time of war, or other emerging acts. When you look at the broad powers of war, emergency acts, and even the powers that exists of the U.S. Congress, we can assume any privacy we hold lawful is basically up to the representatives we elect to represent us. We as a people of the republic come together when there are disasters, and acts of terror, and differs on many policies of the day, but what we have as collected group is the power of vote, and this power is what we can use to help balance the power of our existing government.The research of this paper was conducted using various sites concerning acombination of privacy of individual citizens, versus the introduction of laws enacted by the US Government, since the terror attack of 9/11/2001. Taking in all the information collected, and analyzed, this report has been intended to show the privacy each citizen held before and after the attack. It comprised what the public has perceived as a given right, over what was actually allowed by law.Conclusi onThe Claim What privacy rights should an individual lose to protect against terrorists? It gives society a level of feeling safe by the protections in place. The public can only maintain a limit of safety by giving up a degree of privacy to governmental agencies in order to protect this basic need and it is a trade off to give up a certain amount of privacy.On one hand individual privacy seems to be an inherent right thought of by the public as a Constitutional right. On the other, it is limited rights given by the 14th Amendment. Whatever rights we hold true today is the norm, yet not all true rights we bear are in real existence. What remedies in the political system in the privacy of individual privacies versus national security protections and concerns? The courts have narrowed away some of these concerns, but the bulk of the powers still exists. Even though Congress has been hesitant to amend the Patriot Act, in fear of being too intrusive, the powers to be are that it has the power to limit the societys individual rights. throughout the years rights have been in decline, and we wonder whether it will be because of terrorist acts, the U.S. Patriot Act, or the Homeland Security Act, it is something we all will have to get accustomed to.References(Anderson, 2012) Surveillance & Society, ISSN 1477-7487 Surveillance Studies Network, Retrieved from http//library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/cab_spy Bajaj, V. And Austen, I. (28 Sep 2010) B1 New York Times, Privacy vs. National Security Business/Financial Deskhttp//search.proquest.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/docview/755073818/fulltext/13AA4752BA6755D6A1B/1?accountid=32521 Darren W. Davis, Brian D. Silver, (12 DEC 2003) American Journal Of semipolitical Science, Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00054.x/abstract Downing, B. M. (2008, August 26th) The Agonist Retrieved from http//agonist.org/national_security_versus_individual_privacy_n o_line/ (Kandra et al., Jan 2002) 37-41PC World 20. 1National security vs. online privacy http//search.proquest.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/docview/231422330/fulltext/13AA49614672EB98EE2/3?accountid=32521 Krishnamurthy, B. (Posted 11/01/01) Website. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Retrieved from http//www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/briefings/privacy.html Linder, D. (2012). Exploring constitutional law. conversationally published manuscript, educational, non-commercial site, umkc.edu, Kansas City, United States. Retrieved from http//law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/home.html Miltrano, T. (January 1, 2003) Web Page title. EDUCAUSEREVIEW ONLINE Retrieved from http//www.educause.edu/ero/article/civil-privacy-and-national-security-legislation-three-dimensional-view Swire, Peter P. and Steinfeld, Lauren, Security and Privacy After September 11 The Health Care Example. manganese Law Review, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN http//ssrn.com/abstract=347322 (Timan & Oudshoorn, 2012) Surveillance & Society, ISSN 1477-7487 Surveillance Studies Network, 2012 Retrieved from http//library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/mobilesDowning, (2008a) and (2008b)Krishnamurthy, (2001a), (2001b) and (2001c)Linder, (2012a) and (2012b)

McCrae & Costa’s Five-Factor Model Essay

McCrae and Costas Five-Factor clay sculpture of constitution is said to be figureive in certain behaviours such as h mavensty, blood performance and procrastination. This Five-Factor assume applies to sy ideaal testing because some mavinality is a crucial part in understanding the interests and abilities of an applicator within a business. There have been some(prenominal) criticisms of the Big Five and how accurately it buns describe a somebodys future performance. These criticisms lead be discussed in length in this bear witness. The essay will also consider the serviceableness of the Big Five within psychological assessments.Personality can be defined as the dynamic organisation of systems that determine the individuals characteristic patterns of behaviour, thought, and feeling (Sibaya & Nicholas, Personality, 2008). Simply put single can describe personality as the aspects of a person which realise them unique (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). Personality attri simplyes hav e successfully been studied over centauries and investigators have concluded that the personality domain can be best described by five super ordinate constructs (Digman, 1990).A personality trait is a dur fitted disposition to behave in a particular way and the five-factor puzzle has become the dominant idea of a personality structure (Weiten, 2007). The five-factor exercise of personality came about as a result of Hans Eysencks two dimensions of personality. Eysencks theory comprised of neuroticism-stability and extraversion-introversion and he later added the third dimension cognize as psychoticism (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). Eysencks theory also concluded that personality traits could largely be find by genetics (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003).Eysencks theory of personality dimensions was a precursor of the five-factor model developed by Costa and McCrae (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). The five-factor model can be seen as the most recent approach to personality and personality traits. Costa and McCrae argue that personality traits derive from five higher order traits. These traits are now known as the Big-Five (Weiten, 2007). Similar to Eysencks view on personality traits Costa and McCrae concluded that genetics play a substantial role in personality (Digman, 1990). An arche fictitious character of genetics playing a role in the development in personality traits can be seen in the study of twins.Jim Lewis and Jim Springer were similar twins separated at birth in 1940 (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). These twins were later reunited and research showed that they had similar personality traits. The twins both drove the same model car they both smoked heavily and liked the same brand of cigarettes (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). A further impact of the five-factor model is that it has shown in studies that this personality study applies crossways cultures and is widely identifiable in different cultures around the world (Weiten, 2007).The five-factor model states that there are fiv e core personality traits receptivity, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These form a mnemonic, OCEAN, which is often used for remembering the personality traits (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). Openness applies to the openness one would have to an experience. Openness is often associated with traits such as curiosity, imagination and flexibility (Weiten, 2007). McCrae states that openness can determine ones political attitudes or ideologies (Weiten, 2007).Conscientiousness relates to traits involving well disciplined and well organised populate and is associated with people being prompt within the workplace (Weiten, 2007). Extraversion relates to people who can be categorised as outgoing or sociable people (Weiten, 2007). Agreeableness relates to ones ability to be sympathetic, trusting and modest (Weiten, 2007). Agreeable personality traits have been known to be associated with a constructive approach to dealing with conflict but agreeable people have als o been known to be aggressive (Weiten, 2007).Neuroticism relates to people who are anxious or hostile (Weiten, 2007). People who match high in this personality trait have been known to over re-act to stressful situations (Weiten, 2007). Organisational psychology focuses on role related behaviour, group pressure, commitment to organisations and patterns of conversation (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). In order for an organisational psychologist to determine this behaviour certain organisational testing or psychological assessments need to take place.A psychological assessment is a exchangeable measure of a try of a ersons behaviour (Weiten, 2007). Psychological assessment is one of the oldest and most focussed areas of industrial-organisational psychology (Weiten, 2007). Psychological assessment focuses on an individuals difference in behaviour and their individual craft performance and then develops ways in which they can measure or predict such performances. Testing enables psycholog ists to select people for channels, assess ones potential and develop people. Testing can often lead to labelling of people and endurance for jobs, promotions or training has often been made in accordance to these labels.The importance of psychological assessments within the workplace is that they enable the sight employer to have predictions about the appliers future performance and how that applicant may behave in the future. An fashion model of how psychological assessments are beneficial and important can be seen in the use of a personality test. A personality test measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests and attitudes (Weiten, 2007). Personality tests can be helpful because they assist in power infusion within business and industry (Weiten, 2007).A sub-division of personality tests is interest inventories which determine the interest of an individual in relation to the interests needed to do the job. An casing of interest inventories can be s een in the need for a sales person to have a personality type that is an extrovert. The example of the sales person can also explain the importance of psychological assessments within the work environment because without this form of testing perspective employers would be unable to employ people that are specific all toldy suited to the position on offer, e. . an extrovert. The use of psychological assessment in business begins when the candidate is still in the selection process. The applicant for a perspective job will first consider the job analysis. A job analysis is the process of obtaining information about a job by determining what duties, tasks or activities it entails in order to perform the job successfully (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). Following a job analysis the applicant would then assent an application and begin the selection process.A selection process can be described as the process of identifying who will be hired from the jackpot of applicants (Sibaya & Malcolm, 200 3). The applicant will then undergo psychological assessment which involves a prediction of the applicants knowledge, abilities, attitudes and personality traits. The way in which these tests help with the selection process are that they are the best forecasters of performance and behaviour on the job (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). Now that the selection process has been explained one can similarly tangency the development and promotion process to psychological assessment.With development or promotion the worker will have to undergo psychological testing to ensure that their abilities and interests foregather with the promotion available. The five-factor model applies within the workplace because it enables employers to evaluate employees personalities and make use their personality traits to the best of their abilities. Research has indicated that the Big Five traits are able to predict specific behaviour (Weiten, 2007). The Big Fives ability to predict this behaviour can be seen as beneficial in the workplace.An example of how the Big Five can benefit an industry can be seen in the personality trait conscientiousness because it has been said that conscientiousness correlates with reliabley, higher job performance and a lower alcohol consumption (Weiten, 2007). This being said one can understand that the Big Five traits allow a perspective employer the ability to employ conscientious workers. Many of the Big Five traits are related to career success (Weiten, 2007). The five-factor model can be used in the selection, development and promotion of employees because it allows the employer to predict what qualities the applicant has.The example used previously about the sales rep needing to be an extrovert is a perfect example of how the Big Five apply to selection, development and promotion. The five-factor model would allow the employer of such sales rep to be able to select candidates that fit the personality type that is required for the job at hand. Similar to this the employer could use the five-factor traits to determine whether an existing employee fits the personality required in a job opening and therefore the five-factor model applies to promotions within business as well.A further benefit to the Big Five is that an employer can determine an employees weak traits and develop them further and then improving the workforce. The use of the Big Five within occupational testing has been criticised by many psychologists and researchers as they feel nit does not adequately determine ones ability to perform a task. A common criticism is that there is a fundamental need for more than five traits (Weiten, 2007). An example of this can be seen in recent studies that state that honesty-humility should be a sixth trait.Another criticism is that studies have shown that the five-factor model can discriminate against people. In the reference of South Africa this criticism of the five-factor model altogether improved the outcome of the test becau se the discrimination led to changes in legislation which protect the rights of people and state that only valid testing may be done (Sibaya & Malcolm, 2003). The legislation protecting peoples rights within organisational tests has encouraged the use of these tests in the selection of cutting employees.Studies have also shown that the Big Five are not inevitably a reflection of ones personality but rather a reflection of their test-taking skills (Ones, Reiss, & Viswesvaran, 1996). This criticism states that the results of the five-factor traits test are a reflection of ones cognitive ability and years of education (Ones, Reiss, & Viswesvaran, 1996). This criticism is not necessarily a negative aspect as it only ensures better use of the Big Five within organisational testing because education is an important aspect to ones personality.There are two main criticisms of the five-factor model. These are the frame of reference effect and socially desirable responding (Hanges, Dickson, & Smith, 2001). Critics argue that the five-factor model is not useful because it is too broad to be applied to psychological assessment (Schmit & Ryan, 1993). The first criticism is the frame of reference effect which states that the image the average job applicant would like to convey will have an effect on the psychological assessment (Hanges, Dickson, & Smith, 2001).The frame of reference effect can be explained better if one considers that a job applicant will be guided by their self-presentation (Schmit & Ryan, 1993). An employee will stand to gain or lose from the results of the psychological assessment and will therefore may alter their response to be in line with what would be considered the correct response (Hanges, Dickson, & Smith, 2001). This altered response by the job applicant can be seen as a ideal-employee frame of reference where as the response given by a volunteer would be seen as a stranger-description frame of mind (Schmit & Ryan, 1993).The second criticism o f the five-factor model is the socially desirable response. The socially desirable response can be divided into two sub-groups. firstly there is self-deception which is the unconscious tendency to see oneself in a favourable light (Schmit & Ryan, 1993). Secondly, there is the theory of impression management where a person is consciously aware that they are putting up a false front in order to create a better impression (Schmit & Ryan, 1993).The belief of socially desirable responses has undergone three studies which examined the effect of the socially desirable response. The result of these three studies found that in a test of fake good vs. honest responses the personality reliabilities were higher in the fake good (Hanges, Dickson, & Smith, 2001). A further study was done on socially desirability consisting of three sample groups. The sample groups were the job applicant, the job superjacent and the student (Hanges, Dickson, & Smith, 2001).The results of this study much like th e results of other studies showed that the job applicant showed more socially desirable responses than the job incumbent (Hanges, Dickson, & Smith, 2001). When defining personality some may argue with Freuds opinion that personality is largely hidden and unknown. This definition of personality would parallel the argument that the five-factor model is a poor predictor of job success as well as suggesting that it is unethical to use the five-factor model within employment procedures (Hogan, Hogan, & Roberts, 1996).This argument could stem from criticisms such as the effect of socially desirable responses, the frame of reference effect and the thought that the five-factor model is limited by only considering five traits. Although these criticisms all have a valid argument one cannot help but believe the evidence that a well-constructed personality assessment is a valid predictor of job performance and it enhances fairness in the employment process (Hogan, Hogan, & Roberts, 1996).